A Complete List of Computer Shortcut Keys: Keyboard Shortcuts

SHORTCUT KEYS

Alt + F File menu options in current program

Alt + E Edit options in current program

F1 Universal help (for all programs)

Ctrl + A Select all text

Ctrl + X Cut selected item

Shift + Del Cut selected item

Ctrl + C Copy selected item

Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item

Ctrl + V Paste

Shift + Ins Paste

Home Go to beginning of current line

Ctrl + Home Go to beginning of document

End Go to end of current line

Ctrl + End Go to end of document

Shift + Home Highlight from current position to beginning of line

Shift + End Highlight from current position to end of line

Ctrl + f Move one word to the left at a time

Ctrl + g Move one word to the right at a time

MICROSOFT® WINDOWS® SHORTCUT KEYS

Alt + Tab Switch between open applications

Alt +Shift + Tab Switch backwards between open applications

Alt + Print Screen Create screen shot for current program

Ctrl + Alt + Del Reboot/Windows® task manager

Ctrl + Esc Bring up start menu

Alt + Esc Switch between applications on taskbar

F2 Rename selected icon

F3 Start find from desktop

F4 Open the drive selection when browsing

F5 Refresh contents

Alt + F4 Close current open program

Ctrl + F4 Close window in program

Ctrl + Plus Key Automatically adjust widths of all columns in Windows Explorer

Alt + Enter Open properties window of selected icon or program

Shift + F10 Simulate right-click on selected item

Shift + Del Delete programs/files permanently

Holding Shift During Bootup Boot safe mode or bypass system files

Holding Shift During Bootup When putting in an audio

WINKEY SHORTCUTS

WINKEY + D Bring desktop to the top of other windows

WINKEY + M Minimize all windows

WINKEY + SHIFT + M Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY + D

WINKEY + E Open Microsoft Explorer

WINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs on taskbar

WINKEY + F Display the Windows® Search/Find feature

WINKEY + CTRL + F Display the search for computers window

WINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft® Windows® help

WINKEY + R Open the run window

WINKEY + Pause /Break Open the system properties window

WINKEY + U Open utility manager

WINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP® & later)

WORD® SHORTCUT KEYSWORD® SHORTCUT KEYS

Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page

Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection

Ctrl + C Copy selected text

Ctrl + X Cut selected text

Ctrl + N Open new/blank document

Ctrl + O Open options

Ctrl + P Open the print window

Ctrl + F Open find box

Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection

Ctrl + K Insert link

Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection

Ctrl + V Paste

Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed

Ctrl + Z Undo last action

Ctrl + G Find and replace options

Ctrl + H Find and replace options

Ctrl + J Justify paragraph alignment

Ctrl + L Align selected text or line to the left

Ctrl + Q Align selected paragraph to the left

Ctrl + E Align selected text or line to the center

Ctrl + R Align selected text or line to the right

Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph

Ctrl + T Hanging indent

Ctrl + D Font options

Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font

Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1

Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1

Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1

Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1

Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters

Ctrl + f Move one word to the left

Ctrl + g Move one word to the right

Ctrl + h Move to beginning of the line or paragraph

Ctrl + i Move to the end of the paragraph

Ctrl + Del Delete word to right of cursor

Ctrl + Backspace Delete word to left of cursor

Ctrl + End Move cursor to end of document

Ctrl + Home Move cursor to beginning of document

Ctrl + Space Reset highlighted text to default font

Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines

Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines

Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing

Ctrl + Alt + 1 Change text to heading 1

Ctrl + Alt + 2 Change text to heading 2

Ctrl + Alt + 3 Change text to heading 3

F1 Open help

Shift + F3 Change case of selected text

Shift + Insert Paste

F4 Repeat last action performed (Word 2000+)

F7 Spell check selected text and/or document

Shift + F7 Activate the thesaurus

F12 Save as

Ctrl + S Save

Shift + F12 Save

Alt + Shift + D Insert the current date

Alt + Shift + T Insert the current time

Ctrl + W Close document

EXCEL® SHORTCUT KEYS

F2 Edit the selected cell

F5 Go to a specific cell

F7 Spell check selected text and/or document

F11 Create chart

Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time

Ctrl + ; Enter the current date

Alt + Shift + F1 Insert new worksheet

Shift + F3 Open the Excel® formula window

Shift + F5 Bring up search box

Ctrl + A Select all contents of worksheet

Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection

Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection

Ctrl + C Copy selected text

Ctrl + V Paste

Ctrl + D Fill

Ctrl + K Insert link

Ctrl + F Open find and replace options

Ctrl + G Open go-to options

Ctrl + H Open find and replace options

Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection

Ctrl + Y Underline selected text

Ctrl + 5 Strikethrough highlighted selection

Ctrl + O Open options

Ctrl + N Open new document

Ctrl + P Open print dialog box

Ctrl + S Save

Ctrl + Z Undo last action

Ctrl + F9 M
in
imize current window

Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently selected window

Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks/windows

Ctrl + Page up & Page Down Move between Excel® worksheets in the same document

Ctrl + Tab Move between two or more open Excel® files

Alt + = Create formula to sum all of above cells

Ctrl + ‘ Insert value of above cell into current cell

Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format

Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format

Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format

Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage format

Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific format

Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format

Ctrl + g Move to next section of text

Ctrl + Space Select entire column

Shift + Space Select entire row

Ctrl + W Close document

OUTLOOK® SHORTCUT KEYS

Alt + S Send the email

Ctrl + C Copy selected text

Ctrl + X Cut selected text

Ctrl + P Open print dialog box

Ctrl + K Complete name/email typed in address bar

Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection

Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection

Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection

Ctrl + R Reply to an email

Ctrl + F Forward an email

Ctrl + N Create a new email

Ctrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendar

Ctrl + Shift + O Open the outbox

Ctrl + Shift + I Open the inbox

Ctrl + Shift + K Add a new task

Ctrl + Shift + C Create a new contact

Ctrl + Shift+ J Create a new journal entry

A Complete List of Computer Shortcut Keys: Keyboard Shortcuts

SHORTCUT KEYS

Alt + F File menu options in current program

Alt + E Edit options in current program

F1 Universal help (for all programs)

Ctrl + A Select all text

Ctrl + X Cut selected item

Shift + Del Cut selected item

Ctrl + C Copy selected item

Ctrl + Ins Copy selected item

Ctrl + V Paste

Shift + Ins Paste

Home Go to beginning of current line

Ctrl + Home Go to beginning of document

End Go to end of current line

Ctrl + End Go to end of document

Shift + Home Highlight from current position to beginning of line

Shift + End Highlight from current position to end of line

Ctrl + f Move one word to the left at a time

Ctrl + g Move one word to the right at a time

MICROSOFT® WINDOWS® SHORTCUT KEYS

Alt + Tab Switch between open applications

Alt +Shift + Tab Switch backwards between open applications

Alt + Print Screen Create screen shot for current program

Ctrl + Alt + Del Reboot/Windows® task manager

Ctrl + Esc Bring up start menu

Alt + Esc Switch between applications on taskbar

F2 Rename selected icon

F3 Start find from desktop

F4 Open the drive selection when browsing

F5 Refresh contents

Alt + F4 Close current open program

Ctrl + F4 Close window in program

Ctrl + Plus Key Automatically adjust widths of all columns in Windows Explorer

Alt + Enter Open properties window of selected icon or program

Shift + F10 Simulate right-click on selected item

Shift + Del Delete programs/files permanently

Holding Shift During Bootup Boot safe mode or bypass system files

Holding Shift During Bootup When putting in an audio

WINKEY SHORTCUTS

WINKEY + D Bring desktop to the top of other windows

WINKEY + M Minimize all windows

WINKEY + SHIFT + M Undo the minimize done by WINKEY + M and WINKEY + D

WINKEY + E Open Microsoft Explorer

WINKEY + Tab Cycle through open programs on taskbar

WINKEY + F Display the Windows® Search/Find feature

WINKEY + CTRL + F Display the search for computers window

WINKEY + F1 Display the Microsoft® Windows® help

WINKEY + R Open the run window

WINKEY + Pause /Break Open the system properties window

WINKEY + U Open utility manager

WINKEY + L Lock the computer (Windows XP® & later)

WORD® SHORTCUT KEYSWORD® SHORTCUT KEYS

Ctrl + A Select all contents of the page

Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection

Ctrl + C Copy selected text

Ctrl + X Cut selected text

Ctrl + N Open new/blank document

Ctrl + O Open options

Ctrl + P Open the print window

Ctrl + F Open find box

Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection

Ctrl + K Insert link

Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection

Ctrl + V Paste

Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed

Ctrl + Z Undo last action

Ctrl + G Find and replace options

Ctrl + H Find and replace options

Ctrl + J Justify paragraph alignment

Ctrl + L Align selected text or line to the left

Ctrl + Q Align selected paragraph to the left

Ctrl + E Align selected text or line to the center

Ctrl + R Align selected text or line to the right

Ctrl + M Indent the paragraph

Ctrl + T Hanging indent

Ctrl + D Font options

Ctrl + Shift + F Change the font

Ctrl + Shift + > Increase selected font +1

Ctrl + ] Increase selected font +1

Ctrl + Shift + < Decrease selected font -1

Ctrl + [ Decrease selected font -1

Ctrl + Shift + * View or hide non printing characters

Ctrl + f Move one word to the left

Ctrl + g Move one word to the right

Ctrl + h Move to beginning of the line or paragraph

Ctrl + i Move to the end of the paragraph

Ctrl + Del Delete word to right of cursor

Ctrl + Backspace Delete word to left of cursor

Ctrl + End Move cursor to end of document

Ctrl + Home Move cursor to beginning of document

Ctrl + Space Reset highlighted text to default font

Ctrl + 1 Single-space lines

Ctrl + 2 Double-space lines

Ctrl + 5 1.5-line spacing

Ctrl + Alt + 1 Change text to heading 1

Ctrl + Alt + 2 Change text to heading 2

Ctrl + Alt + 3 Change text to heading 3

F1 Open help

Shift + F3 Change case of selected text

Shift + Insert Paste

F4 Repeat last action performed (Word 2000+)

F7 Spell check selected text and/or document

Shift + F7 Activate the thesaurus

F12 Save as

Ctrl + S Save

Shift + F12 Save

Alt + Shift + D Insert the current date

Alt + Shift + T Insert the current time

Ctrl + W Close document

EXCEL® SHORTCUT KEYS

F2 Edit the selected cell

F5 Go to a specific cell

F7 Spell check selected text and/or document

F11 Create chart

Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time

Ctrl + ; Enter the current date

Alt + Shift + F1 Insert new worksheet

Shift + F3 Open the Excel® formula window

Shift + F5 Bring up search box

Ctrl + A Select all contents of worksheet

Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection

Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection

Ctrl + C Copy selected text

Ctrl + V Paste

Ctrl + D Fill

Ctrl + K Insert link

Ctrl + F Open find and replace options

Ctrl + G Open go-to options

Ctrl + H Open find and replace options

Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection

Ctrl + Y Underline selected text

Ctrl + 5 Strikethrough highlighted selection

Ctrl + O Open options

Ctrl + N Open new document

Ctrl + P Open print dialog box

Ctrl + S Save

Ctrl + Z Undo last action

Ctrl + F9 M
in
imize current window

Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently selected window

Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks/windows

Ctrl + Page up & Page Down Move between Excel® worksheets in the same document

Ctrl + Tab Move between two or more open Excel® files

Alt + = Create formula to sum all of above cells

Ctrl + ‘ Insert value of above cell into current cell

Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format

Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format

Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format

Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage format

Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific format

Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format

Ctrl + g Move to next section of text

Ctrl + Space Select entire column

Shift + Space Select entire row

Ctrl + W Close document

OUTLOOK® SHORTCUT KEYS

Alt + S Send the email

Ctrl + C Copy selected text

Ctrl + X Cut selected text

Ctrl + P Open print dialog box

Ctrl + K Complete name/email typed in address bar

Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection

Ctrl + I Italicize highlighted selection

Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection

Ctrl + R Reply to an email

Ctrl + F Forward an email

Ctrl + N Create a new email

Ctrl + Shift + A Create a new appointment to your calendar

Ctrl + Shift + O Open the outbox

Ctrl + Shift + I Open the inbox

Ctrl + Shift + K Add a new task

Ctrl + Shift + C Create a new contact

Ctrl + Shift+ J Create a new journal entry

what is Storage Class in c

C Programming Storage Class

Every variable and function in C programming has two properties: type and storage class. Type refers to the data type of variable whether it is character or integer or floating-point value etc.

There are 4 types of storage class:

1. automatic
2. external
3. static
4. register

Automatic storage class

Keyword for automatic variable

auto

Variables declared inside the function body are automatic by default. These variable are also known as local variables as they are local to the function and doesn't have meaning outside that function

Since, variable inside a function is automatic by default, keyword auto are rarely used.

External storage class

External variable can be accessed by any function. They are also known as global variables. Variables declared outside every function are external variables.

In case of large program, containing more than one file, if the global variable is declared in file 1 and that variable is used in file 2 then, compiler will show error. To solve this problem, keyword extern is used in file 2 to indicate that, the variable specified is global variable and declared in another file.

Example to demonstrate working of external variable

#include   
void Check();
int a=5;    
/* a is global variable because it is outside every function */
int main(){
    a+=4;
    Check();
    return 0;
}

void Check(){
   ++a;
/*  ----- Variable a is not declared in this function but, works in any function as they are global variable -------  */
   printf("a=%d\n",a);
}

Output

a=10

Register Storage Class

Keyword to declare register variable

register

Example of register variable

register int a;

Register variables are similar to automatic variable and exists inside that particular function only.

If the compiler encounters register variable, it tries to store variable in microprocessor's register rather than memory. Value stored in register are much faster than that of memory.

In case of larger program, variables that are used in loops and function parameters are declared register variables.

Since, there are limited number of register in processor and if it couldn't store the variable in register, it will automatically store it in memory.

Static Storage Class

The value of static variable persists until the end of the program. A variable can be declared static using keyword: static. For example:

static int i;

Here, i is a static variable.

Example to demonstrate the static variable

#include <stdio.h>
void Check();
int main(){
   Check();
   Check();
   Check();
}
void Check(){
    static int c=0;
    printf("%d\t",c);
    c+=5;
}

Output

0      5     10

During first function call, it will display 0. Then, during second function call, variable c will not be initialized to 0 again, as it is static variable. So, 5 is displayed in second function call and 10 in third call.

If variable c had been automatic variable, the output would have been:

0     0     0

A storage class defines the scope (visibility) and life time of variables and/or functions within a C Program.

There are following storage classes which can be used in a C Program

• auto
• register
• static
• extern

auto - Storage Class

auto is the default storage class for all local variables.

{ int Count; auto int Month; }

The example above defines two variables with the same storage class. auto can only be used within functions, i.e. local variables.

register - Storage Class

register is used to define local variables that should be stored in a register instead of RAM. This means that the variable has a maximum size equal to the register size (usually one word) and cant have the unary '&' operator applied to it (as it does not have a memory location).

{ register int Miles; }

Register should only be used for variables that require quick access - such as counters. It should also be noted that defining 'register' goes not mean that the variable will be stored in a register. It means that it MIGHT be stored in a register - depending on hardware and implimentation restrictions.

static - Storage Class

static is the default storage class for global variables. The two variables below (count and road) both have a static storage class.

static int Count; int Road; { printf("%d\n", Road); }

static variables can be 'seen' within all functions in this source file. At link time, the static variables defined here will not be seen by the object modules that are brought in.

static can also be defined within a function. If this is done the variable is initalised at run time but is not reinitalized when the function is called. This inside a function static variable retains its value during vairous calls.

void func(void); static count=10; /* Global variable - static is the default */ main() { while (count--) { func(); } } void func( void ) { static i = 5; i++; printf("i is %d and count is %d\n", i, count); } This will produce following result i is 6 and count is 9 i is 7 and count is 8 i is 8 and count is 7 i is 9 and count is 6 i is 10 and count is 5 i is 11 and count is 4 i is 12 and count is 3 i is 13 and count is 2 i is 14 and count is 1 i is 15 and count is 0

NOTE : Here keyword void means function does not return anything and it does not take any parameter. You can memoriese void as nothing. static variables are initialized to 0 automatically.

Definition vs Declaration : Before proceeding, let us understand the difference betweendefintion and declaration of a variable or function. Definition means where a variable or function is defined in realityand actual memory is allocated for variable or function. Declaration means just giving a reference of a variable and function. Through declaration we assure to the complier that this variable or function has been defined somewhere else in the program and will be provided at the time of linking. In the above examples char *func(void) has been put at the top which is a declaration of this function where as this function has been defined below to main()function.

There is one more very important use for 'static'. Consider this bit of code.

char *func(void); main() { char *Text1; Text1 = func(); } char *func(void) { char Text2[10]="martin"; return(Text2); }

Now, 'func' returns a pointer to the memory location where 'text2' starts BUT text2 has a storage class of 'auto' and will disappear when we exit the function and could be overwritten but something else. The answer is to specify

static char Text[10]="martin";

The storage assigned to 'text2' will remain reserved for the duration if the program.

extern - Storage Class

extern is used to give a reference of a global variable that is visible to ALL the program files. When you use 'extern' the variable cannot be initalized as all it does is point the variable name at a storage location that has been previously defined.

When you have multiple files and you define a global variable or function which will be used in other files also, then extern will be used in another file to give reference of defined variable or function. Just for understanding extern is used to decalre a global variable or function in another files.

File 1: main.c

int count=5; main() { write_extern(); }

File 2: write.c

void write_extern(void); extern int count; void write_extern(void) { printf("count is %i\n", count); }

Here extern keyword is being used to declare count in another file.

Now compile these two files as follows

gcc main.c write.c -o write

This fill produce write program which can be executed to produce result.

Count in 'main.c' will have a value of 5. If main.c changes the value of count - write.c will see the new value