Monday 5 January 2015

what is Internet,Internet basics,History of Internet,Internet tips,Microsoft DOS History,Unix, Linux, and variant history,what is domain,


Internet
  

Definition

means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers.

 When two computers are connected over the Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, video, and computer programs.

The Internet grew out of the Advanced Research Projects Agency's Wide Area Network (then called ARPANET) established by the US Department Of Defense in 1960s .

The Internet basics






History of Internet
This marvelous tool has quite a history that holds its roots in the cold war scenario. A need was realized to connect the top universities of the United States so that they can share all the research data without having too much of a time lag. This attempt was a result of Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which was formed at the end of 1950s just after the Russians had climbed the space era with the launch of Sputnik. After the ARPA got success in 1969, it didn’t take the experts long to understand that how much potential can this interconnection tool have. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson made a system to send electronic maill. This was a big step in the making as this opened gateways for remote computer accessing i.e. telnet.

During all this time, rigorous paper work was being done in all the elite research institutions. From giving every computer an address to setting out the rules, everything was getting penned down. 1973 saw the preparations for the vital TCP/IP andEthernet services. At the end of 1970s, Usenet groups had surfaced up. By the time the 80s had started, IBM came up with its PC based on Intel 8088 processor which was widely used by students and universities for it solved the purpose of easy computing. By 1982, the Defence Agencies made the TCP/IP compulsory and the term “internet” was coined. The domain name services arrived in the year 1984 which is also the time around which various internet based marked their debut. As the internet was coming out of its incubation period which was almost two and a half decades long, the world saw the first glitch that was not at all a part of planned strategy. A worm, or a rust the computers, attacked in 1988 and disabled over 10% of the computer systems all over the world. While most of the researchers regarded it as an opportunity to enhance computing as it was still in its juvenile phase, quite a number of computer companies became interested in dissecting the cores of the malware which resulted to the formation Computer Emergency Rescue Team (CERT). Soon after the world got over with the computer worm, World Wide Web came into existence. Discovered by Tim Berners-Lee, World Wide Web was seen as a service to connect documents in websites using hyperlinks.

By the time the 90s arrived, the larvae had started coming out as more than 40million computers had been sold out, an antivirus had already been launched as well as the graphical user interface was quite in its evolution. “Archie”, the first internet search marked beginning of a new era in internet computing. Categorizing the websites was in its most dynamic phase as commercialized email websites were getting on day by day. It was during this time that the term “spam” was coined which referred to fake emails or hoaxes. Read more about email and email working. In 1992, internet browser called “Mosaic” came into existence. One of the very popular internet browsers, Netscape Navigator made its debut in 1994 which ultimately went to compete with Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. By this time the domain name registration had started to get exponential and was made commercial. In short the Internet Explosion had started to occur.

Coming years saw the launch of giants such as Google, Yahoo as well as strengthening of ultimate revolution creators i.e. Microsoft, Google, IBM etc.




Year
Event
1960
AT&T introduces the dataphone and the first known MODEM.
1961
Leonard Kleinrock publishes his first paper entitled "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" is published May 31, 1961.
1962
Leonard Kleinrock releases his paper talking about packetization.
1962
Paul Baran suggests transmission of data using fixed size message blocks.
1962
J.C.R. Licklider becomes the first Director of IPTO and gives his vision of a galactic network.
1964
Baran publishes reports "On Distributed Communications."
1964
Leonard Kleinrock publishes his first book on packet nets entitled Communication Nets: Stochastic Message Flow and Design.
1965
Lawrence G. Roberts with MIT performs the first long distant dial-up connection between a TX-2 computer in Massachusetts and Tom Marill with a Q-32 at SDC in California.
1965
Donald Davies coins the word "Packet."
1966
Lawrence G. Roberts and Tom Marill publish a paper about their earlier success at connecting over dial-up.
1966
Robert Taylor joins ARPA and brings Larry Roberts there to develop ARPANET.
1967
Donald Davies creates 1-node NPL packet net.
1967
Wes Clark suggests use of a minicomputer for network packet switch.
1968
Doug Engelbart publicly demonstrates Hypertext on December 9, 1968.
1968
The first Network Working Group (NWG) meeting is held.
1968
Larry Roberts publishes ARPANET program plan on June 3, 1968.
1968
First RFP for a network goes out.
1968
UCLA is selected to be the first node on the Internet as we know it today and serve as the Network Msmnt Center.
1969
Steve Crocker releases RFC #1 on April 7, 1979 introducing the Host-to-Host and talking about the IMP software.
1969
UCLA puts out a press release introducing the public to the Internet on July 3, 1969.
1969
On August 29, 1969 the first network switch and the first piece of network equipment (called "IMP", which is short for Interface Message Processor) is sent to UCLA.
1969
On September 2, 1969 the first data moves from UCLA host to the IMP switch.
1969
CompuServe, the first commercial online service, is established.
1970
Steve Crocker and UCLA team releases NCP.
1971
Ray Tomlinson sends the first e-mail, the first messaging system to send messages across a network to other users.
1972
First public demo of ARPANET.
1972
Norm Abramson' Alohanet connected to ARPANET: packet radio nets.
1973
Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn design TCP during 1973 and later publish it with the help of Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine in December of 1974 in RFC 675.
1973
ARPA deploys SATNET the first international connection.
1973
1973
The first VoIP call is made.
1974
A commercial version of ARPANET known as Telenet is introduced and considered by many to be the first Internet Service Provider (ISP).
1978
TCP splits into TCP/IP driven by Danny Cohen, David Reed, and John Shoch to support real-time traffic. This allows the creation of UDP.
1978
John Shoch and Jon Hupp at Xerox PARC develop the first worm.
1981
BITNET is founded.
1983
ARPANET standardizes TCP/IP.
1984
Paul Mockapetris and Jon Postel introduce DNS.
1986
Eric Thomas develops the first Listserv.
1986
NSFNET is created.
1986
BITNET II is created.
1988
First T-1 backbone is added to ARPANET.
1988
Bitnet and CSNET merge to create CREN.
1990
ARPANET replaced by NSFNET.
1990
The first search engine Archie, written by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan, and Mike Parker at McGill University in Montreal Canada is released on September 10, 1990
1991
Tim Berners-Lee introduces WWW to the public on August 6, 1991.
1991
NSF opens the Internet to commercial use.
1992
Internet Society formed.
1992
NSFNET upgraded to T-3 backbone.
1993
The White House and the United Nations come online in 1993 and help start the .gov and .orgtop level domains.
1993
The NCSA releases the Mosaic browser.
1994
Netscape (Mosaic Communications corporation) is found by Marc Andreessen and James H. Clark April 4, 1994.
1994
Mosaic Netscape 0.9, the first Netscape browser is officially released October 13, 1994. This browser also introduces the Internet to Cookies.
1994
WXYC (89.3 FM Chapel Hill, NC USA) becomes first traditional radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet November 7, 1994.
1994
Tim Berners-Lee establishes and heads the W3C in October 1994.
1995
The dot-com boom starts.
1995
The SSL protocol is developed and introduced by Netscape in February 1995.
1995
On April 1, 1995 the Opera browser is released.
1995
The first VoIP software (Vocaltec) is released allowing end users to make voice calls over the Internet.
1995
On August 16, 1995 Microsoft introduces and releases Microsoft Internet Explorer.
1995
On November 24, 1995 HTML 2.0 is introduced in RFC 1866.
1995
On December 4, 1995 Sun Microsystems announced JavaScript and first releases it in Netscape 2.0B3. In the same year they also introduced Java.
1996
Telecom Act deregulates data networks.
1996
Now known as Adobe Flash, Macromedia Flash is introduced in 1996.
1996
The first CSS specification, CSS 1, is published by the W3C in December 1996.
1996
More e-mail is sent than postal mail in USA.
1996
CREN ended its support and since then the network has cease to exist.
1997
Internet2 consortium is established.
1997
IEEE releases 802.11 (WiFi) standard.
1998
Internet weblogs begin to appear.
1998
XML becomes a W3C recommendation February 10, 1998.
1999
Napster starts sharing files in September of 1999.
1999
On December 1, 1999 the most expensive Internet domain name business.com was sold by Marc Ostrofsky for $7.5 Million The domain was later sold on July 26, 2007 again to R.H. Donnelley for $345 Million USD.
2000
The dot-com bubble starts to burst.
2003
January 7, 2003 CREN's members decided to dissolve the organization.
2003
On June 30, 2003 the Safari browser is released.
2004
On November 9, 2004 Mozilla releases the Mozilla Firefox browser.
2008
On December 11, 2008 the Google Chrome.
Internet tips
Reference
Tip
Internet
Shorthand
E-mail
Facebook
Firefox
Google
MSIE
Web design
History
CH000082
CH000526
CH000721
CH001146
TIP1
TIP3
TIP8
TIP9
TIP11
TIP17
TIP23
TIP30
TIP113
TIP114
TIP146
TIP147
TIP149
TIP150
TIP151
TIP153
TIP154
TIP159
TIP160
TIP161
TIP162
TIP167
TIP168
TIP173
TIP182
TIP195
TIP196
TIP204
TIP205
TIP206
Internet
Microsoft DOS History
Year
Event
1981
Microsoft buys the rights for QDOS from Seattle Computer Products (SCP) for $25,000 on July 27, 1981.
1981
MS-DOS 1.0 was released August, 1981.
1982
MS-DOS 1.25 was released August, 1982.
1983
MS-DOS 2.0 was released March, 1983.
1984
Microsoft introduces MS-DOS 3.0 for the IBM PC AT and MS-DOS 3.1 for networks.
1986
MS-DOS 3.2 was released April, 1986.
1987
MS-DOS 3.3 was released April, 1987.
1988
MS-DOS 4.0 was released July, 1988.
1988
MS-DOS 4.01 was released November, 1988.
1991
MS-DOS 5.0 was released June, 1991.
1993
MS-DOS 6.0 was released August, 1993.
1993
MS-DOS 6.2 was released November, 1993
1994
MS-DOS 6.21 was released March, 1994
1994
MS-DOS 6.22 was released April, 1994
Unix, Linux, and variant history
Year
Event
1957
Bell Labs found they needed an operating system for their computer center that at the time was running various batch jobs. The BESYS operating system was created at Bell Labs to deal with these needs.
1965
Bell Labs was adopting third generation computer equipment and decided to join forces with General Electric and MIT to create Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service).
1969
By April 1969, AT&T made a decision to withdraw Multics and go with GECOS. When Multics was withdrawn Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie needed to rewrite an operating system in order to play space travel on another smaller machine (a DEC PDP-7 [Programmed Data Processor 4K memory for user programs). The result was a system that a punning colleague called UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing Service)--an 'emasculated Multics'.
1969
Summer 1969 Unix was developed.
1969
Linus Torvalds is born.
1971
First edition of Unix released 11/03/1971. The first edition of the "Unix PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL [by] K. Thompson [and] D. M. Ritchie." It includes over 60 commands like: b (compile B program); boot (reboot system); cat (concatenate files); chdir (change working directory);chmod (change access mode); chown (change owner); cp (copy file); ls (list directory contents); mv (move or rename file); roff (run off text); wc (get word count); who (who is one the system). The main thing missing was pipes.
1972
Second edition of Unix released December 06, 1972.
1972
Ritchie rewrote B and called the new language C.
1973
Unix had been installed on 16 sites (all within AT&T/Western Electric); it was publically unveiled at a conference in October.
1973
Third edition of Unix released February 1973
1973
Forth edition of Unix released November 1973
1974
Fifth edition of Unix released June 1974
1974
Thompson went to UC Berkeley to teach for a year, Bill Joy arrived as a new graduate student. Frustrated with ed, Joy developed a more featured editor em.
1975
Sixth edition of Unix released May 1975
1975
Bourne shell is introduced begins being added onto.
1977
1BSD released late 1977
1978
2BSD released mid 1978
1979
Seventh edition of Unix released January 1979
1979
3BSD released late 1979
1979
SCO founded by Doug and Larry Michels as Unix porting and consulting company.
1980
4.0BSD released October 1980
1982
SGI introduces IRIX.
1983
AT&T releases its first version of System V.
1983
SCO delivers its first packaged Unix system called SCO Xenix System V for Intel 8086 and 8088 processor-based PCs.
1983
The GNU project is first announced by Richard Stallman September 27, 1983.
1984
ULTRIX is first released.
1985
Eighth edition of Unix released February 1985
1985
The GNU manifesto is published in the March 1985 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal. The GNU project starts a year and a half later.
1986
HP-UX 1.0 released.
1986
Ninth edition of Unix released September 1986
1987
Sun and AT&T lay the groundwork for business computing in the next decade with an alliance to develop Unix System V Release 4.
1988
HP-UX 2.0 released.
1988
HP-UX 3.0 released.
1989
SCO ships SCO Unix System V/386, the first volume commercial product licensed by AT&T to use the Unix System trademark.
1989
HP-UX 7.0 released.
1989
Tenth edition of Unix released October 1989
1990
AIX short for Advanced Interactive eXecutive was first entered into the market by IBM February 1990.
1991
Sun unveils Solaris 2 operating environment, specially tuned for symmetric multiprocessing.
1991
Linux is introduced by Linus Torvalds, a student in Finland.
1991
HP-UX 8.0 released.
1991
BSD/386 ALPHA First code released to people outside BSDI 12/xx/1991
1992
HP-UX 9.0 released.
1993
NetBSD 0.8 released 04/20/1993
1993
FreeBSD 1.0 released December of 1993
1994
Red Hat Linux is introduced.
1994
Caldera, Inc was founded in 1994 by Ransom Love and Bryan Sparks.
1994
NetBSD 1.0 released 10/26/1994
1995
FreeBSD 2.0 released 01/xx/1995
1995
SCO acquires Unix Systems source technology business from Novell Corporation (which had acquired it from AT&T's Unix System Laboratories). SCO also acquires UnixWare 2 operating system from Novell.
1995
HP-UX 10.0 released.
1995
4.4 BSD Lite Release 2 the true final distribution from the CSRG 06/xx/1995
1996
KDE is started to be developed by Matthias Ettrich
1997
HP-UX 11.0 released.
1997
Caldera ships OpenLinux Standard 1.1 May 5, 1997, the second offering in Caldera's OpenLinux product line
1998
IRIX 6.5 the fifth generation of SGI Unix is released July 6, 1998.
1998
SCO delivers UnixWare 7 operating system.
1998
Sun Solaris 7 operating system released.
1998
FreeBSD 3.0 released 10/16/1998
2000
FreeBSD 4.0 released 03/13/2000
2000
Caldera Systems Inc. announces that Caldera Systems has entered into agreement to acquire the SCO Server Software Division and the Professional Services Division.
2001
Linus Torvalds releases version 2.4 of the Linux Kernel source code on January 4th.
2001
Microsoft files a trademark suit against Lindows.com in December.
2004
Lindows changes it's name to Linspire April 14, 2004.
2004
The first release of Ubuntu is released October 20, 2004.
Microsoft Windows history
Year
Event
See the codename definition for a listing of Microsoft codenames.
1983
Bill Gates announces Microsoft Windows November 10, 1983.
1985
Microsoft Windows 1.0 is introduced in November 20, 1985 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1987
Microsoft Windows 2.0 was released December 9, 1987 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1987
Microsoft Windows/386 or Windows 386 is introduced December 9, 1987 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1988
Microsoft Windows/286 or Windows 286 is introduced June, 1988 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1990
Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released May, 22 1990. Microsoft Windows 3.0 full version was priced at $149.95 and the upgrade version was priced at $79.95.
1991
Following its decision not to develop operating systems cooperatively with IBM, Microsoftchanges the name of OS/2 to Windows NT.
1991
Microsoft Windows 3.0 or Windows 3.0a with multimedia was released October, 1991.
1992
Microsoft Windows 3.1 was released April, 1992 and sells more than 1 Million copies within the first two months of its release.
1992
Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.1 was released October, 1992.
1993
Microsoft Windows NT 3.1 was released July 27, 1993.
1993
Microsoft Windows 3.11, an update to Windows 3.1 is released December 31, 1993.
1993
The number of licensed users of Microsoft Windows now totals more than 25 Million.
1994
Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was released February, 1994.
1994
Microsoft Windows NT 3.5 was released September 21, 1994.
1995
Microsoft Windows NT 3.51 was released May 30, 1995.
1995
Microsoft Windows 95 was released August 24, 1995 and sells more than 1 Million copies within 4 days.
1995
Microsoft Windows 95 Service Pack 1 (4.00.950A) is released February 14, 1996.
1996
Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 was released July 29, 1996.
1996
Microsoft Windows 95 (4.00.950B) aka OSR2 with FAT32 and MMX support is released August 24, 1996.
1996
Microsoft Windows CE 1.0 was released November, 1996.
1997
Microsoft Windows CE 2.0 was released November, 1997.
1997
Microsoft Windows 95 (4.00.950C) aka OSR2.5 is released November 26, 1997.
1998
Microsoft Windows 98 was released June, 1998.
1998
Microsoft Windows CE 2.1 was released July, 1998.
1998
In October of 1998 Microsoft announced that future releases of Windows NT would no longer have the initials of NT and that the next edition would be Windows 2000.
1999
Microsoft Windows 98 SE (Second Edition) was released May 5, 1999.
1999
Microsoft Windows CE 3.0 was released 1999.
2000
On January 4th at CES Bill Gates announces the new version of Windows CE will be called Pocket PC.
2000
Microsoft Windows 2000 was released February 17, 2000.
2000
Microsoft Windows ME (Millennium) released June 19, 2000.
2001
Microsoft Windows XP is released October 25, 2001.
2001
Microsoft Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (Version 2002) for Itanium systems is released March 28, 2003.
2003
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 is released March 28, 2003.
2003
Microsoft Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (Version 2003) for Itanium 2 systems is released on March 28, 2003.
2003
Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003 is released on December 18, 2003.
2004
Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 is released on October 12, 2004.
2005
Microsoft Windows XP Professional x64 Edition is released on April 24, 2005.
2005
Microsoft announces it's next operating system, codenamed "Longhorn" will be named Windows Vista on July 23, 2005.
2006
Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Vista to corporations on November 30, 2006.
2007
Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Vista and Office 2007 to the general public January 30, 2007.
2008
Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Server 2008 to the public on February 27, 2008.
2009
Microsoft releases Windows 7 October 22, 2009.
2012
Microsoft releases Windows 8 October 26, 2012.


what is domain
Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses. For example, the domain name microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular Web pages. For example, in the URLhttp://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html, the domain name ispcwebopedia.com.
Every domain name has a suffix that indicates which top level domain (TLD) it belongs to. There are only a limited number of such domains. For example:
·  gov - Government agencies
·  edu - Educational institutions
·  org - Organizations (nonprofit)
·  mil - Military
·  com - commercial business
·  net - Network organizations
·  ca - Canada
·  th - Thailand
Because the Internet is based on IP addresses, not domain names, every Web server requires a Domain Name System (DNS) server to translate domain names into IP addresses.

Domain

1. When referring to an Internet address or name a domain or domain name is the location of a website. For example, the domain name "computerhope.com" points to theIP address "69.72.169.241", but it is easier to remember the Computer Hope website is computerhope.com instead of trying to remember the IP address. A domain name can be a maximum of sixty-three characters and a minimum of one character and is entered after the protocol in the URL, like the one shown below.
URL or Internet address
The first Internet domain name "symbolics.com" was registered by Symbolics, a Massachusetts computer company on March 15, 1985. When creating a domain name, make sure to keep it simple and something that is easy to remember. Additional promoting tips for websites is on our promotion page. To register or lookup a domain name, we recommend visiting GoDaddy or Network solutions, which are both companies who specialize in domain registration.

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2. When referring to a computer network running Microsoft network operating system, adomain is a group of network resources assigned to a group of users. Domains divide global areas of a corporation or a corporation's departments. A domain may need to be specified when mapping a network computer or drive.

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