what is Internet,Internet basics,History of Internet,Internet tips,Microsoft DOS History,Unix, Linux, and variant history,what is domain,

Internet

  

Definition

A means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers.

 When two computers are connected over the Internet, they can send and receive all kinds of information such as text, graphics, voice, video, and computer programs.

The Internet grew out of the Advanced Research Projects Agency's Wide Area Network (then called ARPANET) established by the US Department Of Defense in 1960s .

The Internet basics

• The Internet utilizes the TCP/IP protocol and is accessed using a computer modem,broadband, 3G or network that is connected through an ISP.
• The Internet is explored, which is more commonly referred to as surfing, using a computer browser.
• Finding information on the Internet is achieved by using a search engine.
• Users browse web pages by following hyperlinks.
• Files, pictures, songs, and video can be shared by uploading and downloading.
• The Internet is also used for communicating with others through social networks,forums, chat, e-mails, and IM.

History of Internet

This marvelous tool has quite a history that holds its roots in the cold war scenario. A need was realized to connect the top universities of the United States so that they can share all the research data without having too much of a time lag. This attempt was a result of Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which was formed at the end of 1950s just after the Russians had climbed the space era with the launch of Sputnik. After the ARPA got success in 1969, it didn’t take the experts long to understand that how much potential can this interconnection tool have. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson made a system to send electronic maill. This was a big step in the making as this opened gateways for remote computer accessing i.e. telnet.

During all this time, rigorous paper work was being done in all the elite research institutions. From giving every computer an address to setting out the rules, everything was getting penned down. 1973 saw the preparations for the vital TCP/IP andEthernet services. At the end of 1970s, Usenet groups had surfaced up. By the time the 80s had started, IBM came up with its PC based on Intel 8088 processor which was widely used by students and universities for it solved the purpose of easy computing. By 1982, the Defence Agencies made the TCP/IP compulsory and the term “internet” was coined. The domain name services arrived in the year 1984 which is also the time around which various internet based marked their debut. As the internet was coming out of its incubation period which was almost two and a half decades long, the world saw the first glitch that was not at all a part of planned strategy. A worm, or a rust the computers, attacked in 1988 and disabled over 10% of the computer systems all over the world. While most of the researchers regarded it as an opportunity to enhance computing as it was still in its juvenile phase, quite a number of computer companies became interested in dissecting the cores of the malware which resulted to the formation Computer Emergency Rescue Team (CERT). Soon after the world got over with the computer worm, World Wide Web came into existence. Discovered by Tim Berners-Lee, World Wide Web was seen as a service to connect documents in websites using hyperlinks.

By the time the 90s arrived, the larvae had started coming out as more than 40million computers had been sold out, an antivirus had already been launched as well as the graphical user interface was quite in its evolution. “Archie”, the first internet search marked beginning of a new era in internet computing. Categorizing the websites was in its most dynamic phase as commercialized email websites were getting on day by day. It was during this time that the term “spam” was coined which referred to fake emails or hoaxes. Read more about email and email working. In 1992, internet browser called “Mosaic” came into existence. One of the very popular internet browsers, Netscape Navigator made its debut in 1994 which ultimately went to compete with Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. By this time the domain name registration had started to get exponential and was made commercial. In short the Internet Explosion had started to occur.

Coming years saw the launch of giants such as Google, Yahoo as well as strengthening of ultimate revolution creators i.e. Microsoft, Google, IBM etc.

Year	Event
1960	AT&T introduces the dataphone and the first known MODEM.
1961	Leonard Kleinrock publishes his first paper entitled "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" is published May 31, 1961.
1962	Leonard Kleinrock releases his paper talking about packetization.
1962	Paul Baran suggests transmission of data using fixed size message blocks.
1962	J.C.R. Licklider becomes the first Director of IPTO and gives his vision of a galactic network.
1964	Baran publishes reports "On Distributed Communications."
1964	Leonard Kleinrock publishes his first book on packet nets entitled Communication Nets: Stochastic Message Flow and Design.
1965	Lawrence G. Roberts with MIT performs the first long distant dial-up connection between a TX-2 computer in Massachusetts and Tom Marill with a Q-32 at SDC in California.
1965	Donald Davies coins the word "Packet."
1966	Lawrence G. Roberts and Tom Marill publish a paper about their earlier success at connecting over dial-up.
1966	Robert Taylor joins ARPA and brings Larry Roberts there to develop ARPANET.
1967	Donald Davies creates 1-node NPL packet net.
1967	Wes Clark suggests use of a minicomputer for network packet switch.
1968	Doug Engelbart publicly demonstrates Hypertext on December 9, 1968.
1968	The first Network Working Group (NWG) meeting is held.
1968	Larry Roberts publishes ARPANET program plan on June 3, 1968.
1968	First RFP for a network goes out.
1968	UCLA is selected to be the first node on the Internet as we know it today and serve as the Network Msmnt Center.
1969	Steve Crocker releases RFC #1 on April 7, 1979 introducing the Host-to-Host and talking about the IMP software.
1969	UCLA puts out a press release introducing the public to the Internet on July 3, 1969.
1969	On August 29, 1969 the first network switch and the first piece of network equipment (called "IMP", which is short for Interface Message Processor) is sent to UCLA.
1969	On September 2, 1969 the first data moves from UCLA host to the IMP switch.
1969	CompuServe, the first commercial online service, is established.
1970	Steve Crocker and UCLA team releases NCP.
1971	Ray Tomlinson sends the first e-mail, the first messaging system to send messages across a network to other users.
1972	First public demo of ARPANET.
1972	Norm Abramson' Alohanet connected to ARPANET: packet radio nets.
1973	Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn design TCP during 1973 and later publish it with the help of Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine in December of 1974 in RFC 675.
1973	ARPA deploys SATNET the first international connection.
1973	Robert Metcalfe creates the Ethernet at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC).
1973	The first VoIP call is made.
1974	A commercial version of ARPANET known as Telenet is introduced and considered by many to be the first Internet Service Provider (ISP).
1978	TCP splits into TCP/IP driven by Danny Cohen, David Reed, and John Shoch to support real-time traffic. This allows the creation of UDP.
1978	John Shoch and Jon Hupp at Xerox PARC develop the first worm.
1981	BITNET is founded.
1983	ARPANET standardizes TCP/IP.
1984	Paul Mockapetris and Jon Postel introduce DNS.
1986	Eric Thomas develops the first Listserv.
1986	NSFNET is created.
1986	BITNET II is created.
1988	First T-1 backbone is added to ARPANET.
1988	Bitnet and CSNET merge to create CREN.
1990	ARPANET replaced by NSFNET.
1990	The first search engine Archie, written by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan, and Mike Parker at McGill University in Montreal Canada is released on September 10, 1990
1991	Tim Berners-Lee introduces WWW to the public on August 6, 1991.
1991	NSF opens the Internet to commercial use.
1992	Internet Society formed.
1992	NSFNET upgraded to T-3 backbone.
1993	The White House and the United Nations come online in 1993 and help start the .gov and .orgtop level domains.
1993	The NCSA releases the Mosaic browser.
1994	Netscape (Mosaic Communications corporation) is found by Marc Andreessen and James H. Clark April 4, 1994.
1994	Mosaic Netscape 0.9, the first Netscape browser is officially released October 13, 1994. This browser also introduces the Internet to Cookies.
1994	WXYC (89.3 FM Chapel Hill, NC USA) becomes first traditional radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet November 7, 1994.
1994	Tim Berners-Lee establishes and heads the W3C in October 1994.
1995	The dot-com boom starts.
1995	The SSL protocol is developed and introduced by Netscape in February 1995.
1995	On April 1, 1995 the Opera browser is released.
1995	The first VoIP software (Vocaltec) is released allowing end users to make voice calls over the Internet.
1995	On August 16, 1995 Microsoft introduces and releases Microsoft Internet Explorer.
1995	On November 24, 1995 HTML 2.0 is introduced in RFC 1866.
1995	On December 4, 1995 Sun Microsystems announced JavaScript and first releases it in Netscape 2.0B3. In the same year they also introduced Java.
1996	Telecom Act deregulates data networks.
1996	Now known as Adobe Flash, Macromedia Flash is introduced in 1996.
1996	The first CSS specification, CSS 1, is published by the W3C in December 1996.
1996	More e-mail is sent than postal mail in USA.
1996	CREN ended its support and since then the network has cease to exist.
1997	Internet2 consortium is established.
1997	IEEE releases 802.11 (WiFi) standard.
1998	Internet weblogs begin to appear.
1998	XML becomes a W3C recommendation February 10, 1998.
1999	Napster starts sharing files in September of 1999.
1999	On December 1, 1999 the most expensive Internet domain name business.com was sold by Marc Ostrofsky for $7.5 Million The domain was later sold on July 26, 2007 again to R.H. Donnelley for $345 Million USD.
2000	The dot-com bubble starts to burst.
2003	January 7, 2003 CREN's members decided to dissolve the organization.
2003	On June 30, 2003 the Safari browser is released.
2004	On November 9, 2004 Mozilla releases the Mozilla Firefox browser.
2008	On December 11, 2008 the Google Chrome.

Internet tips

Reference	Tip
Internet	Dictionary definition and related links on the Internet.
Shorthand	Full listing of all Internet abbreviations and shorthand terms.
E-mail	E-mail tips
Facebook	Facebook tips
Firefox	Mozilla Firefox browser tips
Google	Tips relating to Google
MSIE	Microsoft Internet Explorer browser tips
Web design	HTML and web design tips
History	The history of the Internet.
CH000082	How to find information on the Internet.
CH000526	Protecting children from harmful material and people on the Internet.
CH000721	What things to do when bored on the Internet.
CH001146	Watching TV on the Internet.
TIP1	Create a shortcut key for Internet web pages.
TIP3	Easily send a web page to a friend.
TIP8	Tabbed browsing tips.
TIP9	Browsing only safe Internet web pages.
TIP11	Create small easy to read URL's.
TIP17	Quickly bookmark a web page.
TIP23	Quickly scroll to an item in a list or drop down.
TIP30	Determine last modified date of a web page.
TIP113	View browser settings, plugins, and system information.
TIP114	Determine if a web page is up or down.
TIP146	Quickly and easily manage your Twitter account.
TIP147	Create your own custom Google search.
TIP149	Top 10 Twitter tips and tricks.
TIP150	Creating Twitter and Facebook posts with symbols.
TIP151	Quickly zoom in on images by hovering mouse over thumbnail.
TIP153	Create a link that skips to any time in a YouTube video.
TIP154	Convert any file online.
TIP159	Quickly increase and decrease webpage font size.
TIP160	Top 10 Internet tips and tricks.
TIP161	Top 10 online services and applications.
TIP162	Save any web page as an image or PDF.
TIP167	"Facebook to charge" and "Microsoft free money"
TIP168	Detect if your username has been hacked.
TIP173	If this then that online service.
TIP182	View website services tracking you while on a site.
TIP195	Always search for coupons before purchasing.
TIP196	How to repeat YouTube videos.
TIP204	Control your passwords between computers and devices.
TIP205	Drag your favorite page into your bookmarks bar.
TIP206	Only show the favicons in your Internet toolbar.
Internet	Full listing of Internet questions and answers.

Microsoft DOS History

Year	Event
1981	Microsoft buys the rights for QDOS from Seattle Computer Products (SCP) for $25,000 on July 27, 1981.
1981	MS-DOS 1.0 was released August, 1981.
1982	MS-DOS 1.25 was released August, 1982.
1983	MS-DOS 2.0 was released March, 1983.
1984	Microsoft introduces MS-DOS 3.0 for the IBM PC AT and MS-DOS 3.1 for networks.
1986	MS-DOS 3.2 was released April, 1986.
1987	MS-DOS 3.3 was released April, 1987.
1988	MS-DOS 4.0 was released July, 1988.
1988	MS-DOS 4.01 was released November, 1988.
1991	MS-DOS 5.0 was released June, 1991.
1993	MS-DOS 6.0 was released August, 1993.
1993	MS-DOS 6.2 was released November, 1993
1994	MS-DOS 6.21 was released March, 1994
1994	MS-DOS 6.22 was released April, 1994

Unix, Linux, and variant history

Year	Event
1957	Bell Labs found they needed an operating system for their computer center that at the time was running various batch jobs. The BESYS operating system was created at Bell Labs to deal with these needs.
1965	Bell Labs was adopting third generation computer equipment and decided to join forces with General Electric and MIT to create Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service).
1969	By April 1969, AT&T made a decision to withdraw Multics and go with GECOS. When Multics was withdrawn Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie needed to rewrite an operating system in order to play space travel on another smaller machine (a DEC PDP-7 [Programmed Data Processor 4K memory for user programs). The result was a system that a punning colleague called UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing Service)--an 'emasculated Multics'.
1969	Summer 1969 Unix was developed.
1969	Linus Torvalds is born.
1971	First edition of Unix released 11/03/1971. The first edition of the "Unix PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL [by] K. Thompson [and] D. M. Ritchie." It includes over 60 commands like: b (compile B program); boot (reboot system); cat (concatenate files); chdir (change working directory);chmod (change access mode); chown (change owner); cp (copy file); ls (list directory contents); mv (move or rename file); roff (run off text); wc (get word count); who (who is one the system). The main thing missing was pipes.
1972	Second edition of Unix released December 06, 1972.
1972	Ritchie rewrote B and called the new language C.
1973	Unix had been installed on 16 sites (all within AT&T/Western Electric); it was publically unveiled at a conference in October.
1973	Third edition of Unix released February 1973
1973	Forth edition of Unix released November 1973
1974	Fifth edition of Unix released June 1974
1974	Thompson went to UC Berkeley to teach for a year, Bill Joy arrived as a new graduate student. Frustrated with ed, Joy developed a more featured editor em.
1975	Sixth edition of Unix released May 1975
1975	Bourne shell is introduced begins being added onto.
1977	1BSD released late 1977
1978	2BSD released mid 1978
1979	Seventh edition of Unix released January 1979
1979	3BSD released late 1979
1979	SCO founded by Doug and Larry Michels as Unix porting and consulting company.
1980	4.0BSD released October 1980
1982	SGI introduces IRIX.
1983	AT&T releases its first version of System V.
1983	SCO delivers its first packaged Unix system called SCO Xenix System V for Intel 8086 and 8088 processor-based PCs.
1983	The GNU project is first announced by Richard Stallman September 27, 1983.
1984	ULTRIX is first released.
1985	Eighth edition of Unix released February 1985
1985	The GNU manifesto is published in the March 1985 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal. The GNU project starts a year and a half later.
1986	HP-UX 1.0 released.
1986	Ninth edition of Unix released September 1986
1987	Sun and AT&T lay the groundwork for business computing in the next decade with an alliance to develop Unix System V Release 4.
1988	HP-UX 2.0 released.
1988	HP-UX 3.0 released.
1989	SCO ships SCO Unix System V/386, the first volume commercial product licensed by AT&T to use the Unix System trademark.
1989	HP-UX 7.0 released.
1989	Tenth edition of Unix released October 1989
1990	AIX short for Advanced Interactive eXecutive was first entered into the market by IBM February 1990.
1991	Sun unveils Solaris 2 operating environment, specially tuned for symmetric multiprocessing.
1991	Linux is introduced by Linus Torvalds, a student in Finland.
1991	HP-UX 8.0 released.
1991	BSD/386 ALPHA First code released to people outside BSDI 12/xx/1991
1992	HP-UX 9.0 released.
1993	NetBSD 0.8 released 04/20/1993
1993	FreeBSD 1.0 released December of 1993
1994	Red Hat Linux is introduced.
1994	Caldera, Inc was founded in 1994 by Ransom Love and Bryan Sparks.
1994	NetBSD 1.0 released 10/26/1994
1995	FreeBSD 2.0 released 01/xx/1995
1995	SCO acquires Unix Systems source technology business from Novell Corporation (which had acquired it from AT&T's Unix System Laboratories). SCO also acquires UnixWare 2 operating system from Novell.
1995	HP-UX 10.0 released.
1995	4.4 BSD Lite Release 2 the true final distribution from the CSRG 06/xx/1995
1996	KDE is started to be developed by Matthias Ettrich
1997	HP-UX 11.0 released.
1997	Caldera ships OpenLinux Standard 1.1 May 5, 1997, the second offering in Caldera's OpenLinux product line
1998	IRIX 6.5 the fifth generation of SGI Unix is released July 6, 1998.
1998	SCO delivers UnixWare 7 operating system.
1998	Sun Solaris 7 operating system released.
1998	FreeBSD 3.0 released 10/16/1998
2000	FreeBSD 4.0 released 03/13/2000
2000	Caldera Systems Inc. announces that Caldera Systems has entered into agreement to acquire the SCO Server Software Division and the Professional Services Division.
2001	Linus Torvalds releases version 2.4 of the Linux Kernel source code on January 4th.
2001	Microsoft files a trademark suit against Lindows.com in December.
2004	Lindows changes it's name to Linspire April 14, 2004.
2004	The first release of Ubuntu is released October 20, 2004.

Microsoft Windows history

Year Event See the codename definition for a listing of Microsoft codenames. 1983 Bill Gates announces Microsoft Windows November 10, 1983. 1985 Microsoft Windows 1.0 is introduced in November 20, 1985 and is initially sold for $100.00. 1987 Microsoft Windows 2.0 was released December 9, 1987 and is initially sold for $100.00. 1987 Microsoft Windows/386 or Windows 386 is introduced December 9, 1987 and is initially sold for $100.00. 1988 Microsoft Windows/286 or Windows 286 is introduced June, 1988 and is initially sold for $100.00. 1990 Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released May, 22 1990. Microsoft Windows 3.0 full version was priced at $149.95 and the upgrade version was priced at $79.95. 1991 Following its decision not to develop operating systems cooperatively with IBM, Microsoftchanges the name of OS/2 to Windows NT. 1991 Microsoft Windows 3.0 or Windows 3.0a with multimedia was released October, 1991. 1992 Microsoft Windows 3.1 was released April, 1992 and sells more than 1 Million copies within the first two months of its release. 1992 Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.1 was released October, 1992. 1993 Microsoft Windows NT 3.1 was released July 27, 1993. 1993 Microsoft Windows 3.11, an update to Windows 3.1 is released December 31, 1993. 1993 The number of licensed users of Microsoft Windows now totals more than 25 Million. 1994 Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was released February, 1994. 1994 Microsoft Windows NT 3.5 was released September 21, 1994. 1995 Microsoft Windows NT 3.51 was released May 30, 1995. 1995 Microsoft Windows 95 was released August 24, 1995 and sells more than 1 Million copies within 4 days. 1995 Microsoft Windows 95 Service Pack 1 (4.00.950A) is released February 14, 1996. 1996 Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 was released July 29, 1996. 1996 Microsoft Windows 95 (4.00.950B) aka OSR2 with FAT32 and MMX support is released August 24, 1996. 1996 Microsoft Windows CE 1.0 was released November, 1996. 1997 Microsoft Windows CE 2.0 was released November, 1997. 1997 Microsoft Windows 95 (4.00.950C) aka OSR2.5 is released November 26, 1997. 1998 Microsoft Windows 98 was released June, 1998. 1998 Microsoft Windows CE 2.1 was released July, 1998. 1998 In October of 1998 Microsoft announced that future releases of Windows NT would no longer have the initials of NT and that the next edition would be Windows 2000. 1999 Microsoft Windows 98 SE (Second Edition) was released May 5, 1999. 1999 Microsoft Windows CE 3.0 was released 1999. 2000 On January 4th at CES Bill Gates announces the new version of Windows CE will be called Pocket PC. 2000 Microsoft Windows 2000 was released February 17, 2000. 2000 Microsoft Windows ME (Millennium) released June 19, 2000. 2001 Microsoft Windows XP is released October 25, 2001. 2001 Microsoft Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (Version 2002) for Itanium systems is released March 28, 2003. 2003 Microsoft Windows Server 2003 is released March 28, 2003. 2003 Microsoft Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (Version 2003) for Itanium 2 systems is released on March 28, 2003. 2003 Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003 is released on December 18, 2003. 2004 Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 is released on October 12, 2004. 2005 Microsoft Windows XP Professional x64 Edition is released on April 24, 2005. 2005 Microsoft announces it's next operating system, codenamed "Longhorn" will be named Windows Vista on July 23, 2005. 2006 Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Vista to corporations on November 30, 2006. 2007 Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Vista and Office 2007 to the general public January 30, 2007. 2008 Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Server 2008 to the public on February 27, 2008. 2009 Microsoft releases Windows 7 October 22, 2009. 2012 Microsoft releases Windows 8 October 26, 2012.

what is domain

Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses. For example, the domain name microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular Web pages. For example, in the URLhttp://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html, the domain name ispcwebopedia.com.

Every domain name has a suffix that indicates which top level domain (TLD) it belongs to. There are only a limited number of such domains. For example:

·  gov - Government agencies

·  edu - Educational institutions

·  org - Organizations (nonprofit)

·  mil - Military

·  com - commercial business

·  net - Network organizations

·  ca - Canada

·  th - Thailand

Because the Internet is based on IP addresses, not domain names, every Web server requires a Domain Name System (DNS) server to translate domain names into IP addresses.

Domain

1. When referring to an Internet address or name a domain or domain name is the location of a website. For example, the domain name "computerhope.com" points to theIP address "69.72.169.241", but it is easier to remember the Computer Hope website is computerhope.com instead of trying to remember the IP address. A domain name can be a maximum of sixty-three characters and a minimum of one character and is entered after the protocol in the URL, like the one shown below.

The first Internet domain name "symbolics.com" was registered by Symbolics, a Massachusetts computer company on March 15, 1985. When creating a domain name, make sure to keep it simple and something that is easy to remember. Additional promoting tips for websites is on our promotion page. To register or lookup a domain name, we recommend visiting GoDaddy or Network solutions, which are both companies who specialize in domain registration.

Related pages

• See our Internet domain suffixes for a full list of all the available domain name suffixes.

2. When referring to a computer network running Microsoft network operating system, adomain is a group of network resources assigned to a group of users. Domains divide global areas of a corporation or a corporation's departments. A domain may need to be specified when mapping a network computer or drive.

Related pages

• How do I map a network drive?
• Computer network and network card help and support