Internet
Definition
A means of
connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers.
When two computers are
connected over the Internet, they can send and receive all
kinds of information such
as text, graphics,
voice, video,
and computer
programs.
The Internet grew out of the Advanced Research
Projects Agency's Wide Area Network (then called
ARPANET) established by
the US Department Of Defense in
1960s .
The Internet
basics
- The
Internet utilizes the TCP/IP protocol and is accessed using a computer modem,broadband, 3G or network that is connected through an ISP.
- The
Internet is explored, which is more commonly referred to as surfing, using a computer browser.
- Finding
information on the Internet is achieved by using a search
engine.
- Users
browse web
pages by following hyperlinks.
- Files,
pictures, songs, and video can be shared by uploading and downloading.
- The
Internet is also used for communicating with others through social
networks,forums, chat, e-mails, and IM.
History of Internet
This marvelous tool has quite a history that holds its roots in the cold war
scenario. A need was realized to connect the top universities of the
United States so that they can share all the research data without having too
much of a time lag. This attempt was a result of Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) which was formed at the end
of 1950s just after the Russians had climbed the space era with the launch of
Sputnik. After the ARPA got success in 1969, it didn’t take the experts long to
understand that how much potential can this interconnection tool have. In 1971
Ray Tomlinson made a system to send electronic maill. This was a big step in
the making as this opened gateways for remote computer accessing i.e. telnet.
During all this time, rigorous paper work was being done in all
the elite research institutions. From giving every computer an address to
setting out the rules, everything was getting penned down. 1973 saw the
preparations for the vital TCP/IP andEthernet services. At the end of 1970s, Usenet groups
had surfaced up. By the time the 80s had started, IBM came up with its PC based
on Intel 8088 processor which was widely used by students and universities for
it solved the purpose of easy computing. By 1982, the Defence Agencies made the
TCP/IP compulsory and the term “internet” was coined. The domain name services
arrived in the year 1984 which is also the time around which various internet
based marked their debut. As the internet was coming out of its incubation
period which was almost two and a half decades long, the world saw the first glitch
that was not at all a part of planned strategy. A worm, or a rust the
computers, attacked in 1988 and disabled over 10% of the computer systems all
over the world. While most of the researchers regarded it as an opportunity to
enhance computing as it was still in its juvenile phase, quite a number of
computer companies became interested in dissecting the cores of the malware
which resulted to the formation Computer Emergency Rescue Team (CERT). Soon
after the world got over with the computer worm, World Wide Web came into existence. Discovered by Tim
Berners-Lee, World Wide Web was seen as a
service to connect documents in websites using hyperlinks.
By the time the 90s arrived, the larvae had started coming out as
more than 40million computers had been sold out, an antivirus had already been
launched as well as the graphical user interface was quite in its evolution.
“Archie”, the first internet search marked beginning of a new era in internet
computing. Categorizing the websites was in its most dynamic phase as
commercialized email websites were getting on day by day. It was during this
time that the term “spam” was coined which referred to fake emails or hoaxes.
Read more about email and email
working. In 1992, internet browser
called “Mosaic” came into existence. One of the very popular internet browsers,
Netscape Navigator made its debut in 1994 which ultimately went to compete with
Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. By this time the domain name registration had
started to get exponential and was made commercial. In short the Internet
Explosion had started to occur.
Coming years saw the launch of giants such as Google, Yahoo as
well as strengthening of ultimate revolution creators i.e. Microsoft, Google,
IBM etc.
Year
|
Event
|
1960
|
|
1961
|
Leonard Kleinrock publishes
his first paper entitled "Information Flow in Large Communication
Nets" is published May 31, 1961.
|
1962
|
Leonard Kleinrock releases
his paper talking about packetization.
|
1962
|
Paul Baran suggests transmission of data using fixed size
message blocks.
|
1962
|
|
1964
|
Baran publishes reports "On Distributed
Communications."
|
1964
|
Leonard Kleinrock publishes
his first book on packet nets entitled Communication Nets: Stochastic Message
Flow and Design.
|
1965
|
Lawrence G. Roberts with MIT performs the first long distant dial-up connection
between a TX-2 computer in Massachusetts and Tom Marill with a Q-32 at SDC in
California.
|
1965
|
|
1966
|
Lawrence G. Roberts and Tom Marill publish a paper about their
earlier success at connecting over dial-up.
|
1966
|
|
1967
|
Donald Davies creates 1-node NPL packet net.
|
1967
|
Wes Clark suggests use of a minicomputer for network packet
switch.
|
1968
|
|
1968
|
The first Network Working Group (NWG) meeting is held.
|
1968
|
|
1968
|
|
1968
|
UCLA is selected to be the first node on the Internet as
we know it today and serve as the Network Msmnt Center.
|
1969
|
Steve Crocker releases RFC #1 on April 7, 1979 introducing the
Host-to-Host and talking about the IMP software.
|
1969
|
|
1969
|
|
1969
|
|
1969
|
CompuServe, the
first commercial online service, is established.
|
1970
|
|
1971
|
Ray Tomlinson sends the first e-mail, the first messaging
system to send messages across a network to other users.
|
1972
|
|
1972
|
Norm Abramson' Alohanet connected to ARPANET: packet radio
nets.
|
1973
|
Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn design TCP during 1973 and later
publish it with the help of Yogen Dalal and Carl Sunshine in December of 1974
in RFC 675.
|
1973
|
ARPA deploys SATNET the first international connection.
|
1973
|
|
1973
|
|
1974
|
|
1978
|
|
1978
|
|
1981
|
BITNET is
founded.
|
1983
|
|
1984
|
|
1986
|
|
1986
|
NSFNET is
created.
|
1986
|
BITNET II is
created.
|
1988
|
|
1988
|
|
1990
|
|
1990
|
The first search engine Archie,
written by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan, and Mike Parker at McGill University in
Montreal Canada is released on September 10, 1990
|
1991
|
|
1991
|
NSF opens the Internet to commercial use.
|
1992
|
Internet Society formed.
|
1992
|
NSFNET upgraded
to T-3 backbone.
|
1993
|
The White House and the United Nations come online in 1993 and
help start the .gov and .orgtop level domains.
|
1993
|
|
1994
|
Netscape (Mosaic
Communications corporation) is found by Marc Andreessen and
James H. Clark April 4, 1994.
|
1994
|
|
1994
|
WXYC (89.3 FM Chapel Hill, NC USA) becomes first traditional
radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet November 7, 1994.
|
1994
|
|
1995
|
|
1995
|
|
1995
|
|
1995
|
The first VoIP software (Vocaltec) is released allowing end
users to make voice calls over the Internet.
|
1995
|
|
1995
|
On November 24, 1995 HTML 2.0 is introduced in RFC 1866.
|
1995
|
On December 4, 1995 Sun Microsystems announced JavaScript and
first releases it in Netscape 2.0B3. In the same year they also
introduced Java.
|
1996
|
Telecom Act deregulates data networks.
|
1996
|
|
1996
|
|
1996
|
|
1996
|
CREN ended
its support and since then the network has cease to exist.
|
1997
|
Internet2 consortium is established.
|
1997
|
IEEE releases 802.11 (WiFi) standard.
|
1998
|
|
1998
|
XML becomes
a W3C recommendation February 10, 1998.
|
1999
|
Napster starts
sharing files in September of 1999.
|
1999
|
On December 1, 1999 the most expensive Internet domain name
business.com was sold by Marc Ostrofsky for $7.5 Million The domain was later
sold on July 26, 2007 again to R.H. Donnelley for $345 Million USD.
|
2000
|
|
2003
|
|
2003
|
|
2004
|
|
2008
|
Internet tips
Reference
|
Tip
|
Internet
|
|
Shorthand
|
|
E-mail
|
|
Facebook
|
|
Firefox
|
|
Google
|
|
MSIE
|
|
Web design
|
|
History
|
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CH000082
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CH000526
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CH000721
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CH001146
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TIP1
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TIP3
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TIP8
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TIP9
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TIP11
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TIP17
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TIP23
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TIP30
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TIP113
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TIP114
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TIP146
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TIP147
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TIP149
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TIP150
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TIP151
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TIP153
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TIP154
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TIP159
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TIP160
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TIP161
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TIP162
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TIP167
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TIP168
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TIP173
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TIP182
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TIP195
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TIP196
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TIP204
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TIP205
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TIP206
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Internet
|
Microsoft DOS History
Year
|
Event
|
1981
|
|
1981
|
MS-DOS 1.0
was released August, 1981.
|
1982
|
MS-DOS 1.25
was released August, 1982.
|
1983
|
MS-DOS 2.0
was released March, 1983.
|
1984
|
|
1986
|
MS-DOS 3.2
was released April, 1986.
|
1987
|
MS-DOS 3.3
was released April, 1987.
|
1988
|
MS-DOS 4.0
was released July, 1988.
|
1988
|
MS-DOS 4.01
was released November, 1988.
|
1991
|
MS-DOS 5.0
was released June, 1991.
|
1993
|
MS-DOS 6.0
was released August, 1993.
|
1993
|
MS-DOS 6.2
was released November, 1993
|
1994
|
MS-DOS 6.21
was released March, 1994
|
1994
|
MS-DOS 6.22
was released April, 1994
|
Unix, Linux, and variant history
Year
|
Event
|
1957
|
Bell Labs found they needed an operating system for their
computer center that at the time was running various batch jobs. The BESYS
operating system was created at Bell Labs to deal with these needs.
|
1965
|
Bell Labs was adopting third generation computer equipment and
decided to join forces with General Electric and MIT to create Multics
(Multiplexed Information and Computing Service).
|
1969
|
By April 1969, AT&T made a decision
to withdraw Multics and go with GECOS. When Multics was withdrawn Ken
Thompson and Dennis Ritchie needed to rewrite an operating system in order to
play space travel on another smaller machine (a DEC PDP-7 [Programmed Data
Processor 4K memory for user programs). The result was a system that a
punning colleague called UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing
Service)--an 'emasculated Multics'.
|
1969
|
Summer 1969 Unix was developed.
|
1969
|
Linus Torvalds is
born.
|
1971
|
First edition of Unix released 11/03/1971. The first edition
of the "Unix PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL [by] K. Thompson [and] D. M.
Ritchie." It includes over 60 commands like: b (compile B program); boot
(reboot system); cat (concatenate
files); chdir (change
working directory);chmod (change
access mode); chown (change
owner); cp (copy
file); ls (list
directory contents); mv (move or
rename file); roff (run off text); wc (get word
count); who (who
is one the system). The main thing missing was pipes.
|
1972
|
|
1972
|
Ritchie rewrote B and called the new language C.
|
1973
|
Unix had
been installed on 16 sites (all within AT&T/Western Electric); it was
publically unveiled at a conference in October.
|
1973
|
|
1973
|
|
1974
|
|
1974
|
Thompson went to UC Berkeley to teach for a year, Bill Joy
arrived as a new graduate student. Frustrated with ed, Joy
developed a more featured editor em.
|
1975
|
|
1975
|
Bourne shell is
introduced begins being added onto.
|
1977
|
|
1978
|
|
1979
|
|
1979
|
|
1979
|
SCO founded
by Doug and Larry Michels as Unix porting and consulting company.
|
1980
|
|
1982
|
|
1983
|
|
1983
|
SCO delivers
its first packaged Unix system called SCO Xenix System V for Intel 8086 and
8088 processor-based PCs.
|
1983
|
|
1984
|
ULTRIX is
first released.
|
1985
|
|
1985
|
The GNU manifesto is published in the March
1985 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal. The GNU project starts a year and a half
later.
|
1986
|
HP-UX 1.0
released.
|
1986
|
|
1987
|
|
1988
|
HP-UX 2.0
released.
|
1988
|
HP-UX 3.0
released.
|
1989
|
SCO ships
SCO Unix System V/386, the first volume commercial product licensed by
AT&T to use the Unix System trademark.
|
1989
|
HP-UX 7.0
released.
|
1989
|
|
1990
|
|
1991
|
Sun unveils
Solaris 2 operating environment, specially tuned for symmetric
multiprocessing.
|
1991
|
Linux is
introduced by Linus Torvalds,
a student in Finland.
|
1991
|
HP-UX 8.0
released.
|
1991
|
|
1992
|
HP-UX 9.0
released.
|
1993
|
NetBSD 0.8
released 04/20/1993
|
1993
|
FreeBSD 1.0
released December of 1993
|
1994
|
Red Hat Linux is introduced.
|
1994
|
Caldera, Inc
was founded in 1994 by Ransom Love and Bryan Sparks.
|
1994
|
NetBSD 1.0
released 10/26/1994
|
1995
|
FreeBSD 2.0
released 01/xx/1995
|
1995
|
|
1995
|
HP-UX 10.0
released.
|
1995
|
4.4 BSD Lite Release 2 the true final distribution from the
CSRG 06/xx/1995
|
1996
|
KDE is
started to be developed by Matthias Ettrich
|
1997
|
HP-UX 11.0
released.
|
1997
|
Caldera ships OpenLinux Standard 1.1 May 5, 1997, the second
offering in Caldera's OpenLinux product line
|
1998
|
IRIX 6.5
the fifth generation of SGI Unix is released July 6, 1998.
|
1998
|
SCO delivers
UnixWare 7 operating system.
|
1998
|
Sun Solaris 7
operating system released.
|
1998
|
FreeBSD 3.0
released 10/16/1998
|
2000
|
FreeBSD 4.0
released 03/13/2000
|
2000
|
|
2001
|
|
2001
|
Microsoft files
a trademark suit against Lindows.com in December.
|
2004
|
Lindows changes it's name to Linspire April 14,
2004.
|
2004
|
The first release of Ubuntu is
released October 20, 2004.
|
Microsoft Windows history
|
what is
domain
Domain names are used to identify one or more IP
addresses. For example, the
domain name microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP
addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular Web pages. For example, in the URLhttp://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html, the
domain name ispcwebopedia.com.
Every domain name has a suffix that indicates which top level domain (TLD) it belongs to. There are only a limited
number of such domains. For example:
· gov -
Government agencies
· edu -
Educational institutions
· org -
Organizations (nonprofit)
· mil -
Military
· com -
commercial business
· net -
Network organizations
· ca - Canada
· th -
Thailand
Because the Internet is based on IP addresses, not domain names,
every Web
server requires a Domain Name System
(DNS) server to
translate domain names into IP addresses.
Domain
1. When referring to an Internet address or name a domain or domain
name is the location of a website. For example, the
domain name "computerhope.com" points to theIP
address "69.72.169.241",
but it is easier to remember the Computer Hope website is computerhope.com
instead of trying to remember the IP address. A domain name can be a maximum of
sixty-three characters and a minimum of one character and is entered after the protocol in the URL, like the one shown
below.
The
first Internet domain name "symbolics.com" was registered by
Symbolics, a Massachusetts computer company on March 15, 1985. When creating a
domain name, make sure to keep it simple and something that is easy to
remember. Additional promoting tips for websites is on our promotion page. To register or
lookup a domain name, we recommend visiting GoDaddy or Network solutions, which are both companies who specialize in domain
registration.
Related
pages
2. When referring to a computer network running Microsoft network operating system, adomain is a group of network resources
assigned to a group of users. Domains divide global areas of a corporation or a
corporation's departments. A domain may need to be specified when mapping a
network computer or drive.